Therefore the virtues in question ought not to be called ‘cardinal’. But since an end is more fundamental than whatever contributes to that end, the theological virtues, which have as their object the ultimate end, seem to be more fundamental than the virtues in question here, which concern whatever contributes to that end. (2) These virtues seem to be known as ‘cardinal’ because they are more fundamental than others: hence some people describe as fundamental what others call cardinal, as Gregory makes clear. But the virtues in question are not distinguished from one another, since Gregory says, ‘Practical wisdom is not true unless it is just and temperate and courageous temperateness is not complete unless it is courageous and just and has practical wisdom courage is not whole unless it has practical wisdom and is temperate and just justice is not true unless it has practical wisdom and is courageous and temperate.’ Therefore these ought not to be described as four distinct cardinal virtues. (1) If things are not distinguished from one another, they ought not to be counted up together, since distinctions are what make it possible to have numbers, as John Damascene tells us. practical wisdom, justice, courage, and temperateness The fourth is whether when we are in our homeland the cardinal virtues will remain.Īrticle 1: Whether there are four cardinal virtues, i.e. They are the necessary foundation and precondition for all others. In Back to Virtue, Peter Kreeft writes, These are not the only virtues, but they are the cardes, the ‘hinges,’ on which all the other virtues turn. The third is whether all the virtues within a person are equal. There are four cardinal virtues: prudence, justice, fortitude and temperance. Two cases of books are 80 a case, or 2.00 each book, with free shipping. A case of 40 books is 100, or 2.50 each book with free shipping. The second is whether the virtues are connected in such a way that if you possess one of them you possess them all. The Art of Living: The Cardinal Virtues and the Freedom to Love (Case of 40) 100.00 (0) This book is sold in cases of 40. The first question is whether the cardinal virtues are practical wisdom, justice, courage, and temperateness.
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